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What types of cancer are linked with excess body weight?

Excess body weight is clearly linked with an increased risk of many types of cancer, including:

• Breast cancer (in women past menopause)
• Colon and rectal cancer
• Endometrial cancer (cancer of the lining of the uterus)
• Esophagus cancer
• Gallbladder cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Liver cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Pancreas cancer
• Stomach cancer
• Thyroid cancer
• Multiple myeloma
• Meningioma (a tumor of the lining of the brain and spinal cord)

Excess body weight might also raise the risk of other cancers, such as:

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Male breast cancer
• Cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box
• Aggressive forms of prostate cancer

The link to excess body weight is stronger for some cancers than for others. For example, excess body weight is thought to be a factor in more than half of all endometrial cancers, whereas it is linked to a smaller portion of other cancers.

How does excess body weight increase the risk of cancer?

Excess body weight may affect cancer risk in several ways, some of which might be specific to certain cancer types. Excess body fat might increase cancer risk by affecting:

• Inflammation in the body
• Cell and blood vessel growth
• Cells' ability to live longer than they normally would
• Levels of certain hormones, such as insulin and estrogen, which can fuel cell growth
• Other factors that regulate cell growth, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
• The ability of cancer cells to spread (metastasize)

The links between excess body weight and cancer are complex and are not yet fully understood. For example, while studies have found that excess weight is linked with an increased risk of breast cancer in women after menopause, it does not seem to increase the risk of breast cancer before menopause. The reasons for this are not clear.

The timing of weight gain might also affect cancer risk. Having excess weight during childhood and young adulthood might be more of a risk factor than gaining weight later in life for some cancers. For example, some research suggests that women who have excess weight as teenagers (but not those who gain weight as adults) may be at higher risk for developing ovarian cancer before menopause.

Clearly, more research is needed to better define the links between excess body weight and cancer.

Does losing weight reduce cancer risk?

Research on how losing weight might lower the risk of developing cancer is limited. In fact, losing weight when you aren’t trying to (unintentional or unexplained weight loss) can sometimes be a sign of cancer. Still, there’s growing evidence that intentional  weight loss might reduce the risk of some types of cancer, such as breast cancer (after menopause) and endometrial cancer.

Some body changes that occur with weight loss suggest it may, indeed, reduce cancer risk. For example, people with excess body weight who intentionally lose weight have reduced levels of certain hormones related to cancer risk, such as insulin, estrogens, and androgens.

While we still have much to learn about the link between weight loss and cancer risk, people with excess body weight should be encouraged and supported if they try to lose weight. Aside from possibly reducing cancer risk, losing weight can have many other health benefits, such as lowering the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Losing even a small amount of weight has health benefits and is a good place to start.

Other possible health effects of excess body weight

Excess body weight can have far-reaching health consequences. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), excess body weight can also increase a person’s risk for:

• Heart disease
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol levels
• Stroke
• Gallbladder disease
• Sleep apnea and breathing problems
• Arthritis
• Low quality of life
• Depression and anxiety

People with excess body weight, on average, do not live as long as people who stay at a healthy weight throughout their lives.

How common is excess body weight?

Modern life in the United States has led many people to eat more unhealthy foods, eat bigger food portions, and be less active. As a result, the number of people in the US who have excess body weight has been rising. About 2 in 5 adults in the US now have obesity.

Obesity is a common chronic disease that is a challenge for many people. Some factors that can contribute to obesity include:

• Family history (genetics)
• Eating patterns
• Lack of physical activity
• Environmental factors that encourage people to eat unhealthy foods and not be active
• Some medicines
• Lack of sleep
• Lack of access to health system resources that support healthy weight

Excess body weight in children and teens

Not only do more adults have excess weight, but more children do, too. Among children and teens, about 1 in 5 now have obesity. This number is much higher than it was a few decades ago, although it has leveled off in recent years.

Some of the same health problems affecting adults with obesity can also affect children with obesity. These include heart disease risk factors such as high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure, as well as asthma, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, muscle and joint problems, and liver disease. Children and teens with obesity are also at higher risk for anxiety, depression, and social and psychological problems, such as being bullied and having poor self-esteem.

Children and teens with excess weight are also more likely to have weight problems as adults, as well as the risk of health problems that can come with this.

What does the American Cancer Society recommend about body weight?

To help lower your risk of cancer

As part of its Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention, the American Cancer Society recommends that people try to get to and stay at a healthy weight throughout life. The best way to stay at a healthy body weight is to balance how much (and what) you eat with how active you are. If you have excess weight, the best way to get to a healthy body weight is to limit the calories you take in and burn more calories through physical activity.  

Follow a healthy eating pattern: You can lower the number of calories you take in by eating healthier foods; eating smaller amounts of food (smaller portion sizes); limiting between-meal snacks; and limiting foods and drinks that are high in calories, fat, and/or added sugars, and that provide few nutrients. Fried foods, cookies, cakes, candy, ice cream, and regular soft drinks should be replaced with vegetables and fruits, whole grains, beans, and lower calorie beverages.

Be physically active: The American Cancer Society recommends that adults get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous intensity activity each week (or a combination of these). Getting more is even better. Children and teens should get at least 1 hour of moderate or vigorous intensity activity each day.

It’s also important to limit the time you spend sitting, lying down, watching TV, and looking at your phone or computer. Doing some physical activity on top of your usual activities, no matter what your level of activity, can have many health benefits.

Depending on a person’s diet and activity goals and personal preferences, other weight loss options might be recommended. Weight loss treatments include behavioral therapy, weight loss surgeries, and anti-obesity medicines.

For people already diagnosed with cancer

A good deal of research suggests that having excess weight increases the risk of some types of cancer coming back after treatment, and it may lower the chances of survival for some cancers. Both during and after cancer treatment, people should try to get to and stay at a healthy weight whenever possible.

Some people with cancer can be malnourished (lacking important nutrients) and underweight when they are diagnosed or as a result of cancer treatment. They may need help gaining or maintaining their weight.

Other people may have excess body weight when they are diagnosed with cancer.

While each person’s situation can be different, many people may choose to wait until after treatment is finished before making lifestyle changes that could result in weight loss. Others may choose to talk with their doctor about whether to try to lose small amounts of weight during treatment, assuming it is monitored closely and does not affect treatment. If a person chooses to try to lose weight, it should be done safely, through a well-balanced diet and increased physical activity fitted to their specific needs.

After cancer treatment, weight can be managed with both dietary and physical activity strategies. One way to help get to a healthy weight is by reducing calorie intake. This can be done by:

• Eating lower-calorie foods (such as vegetables, fruits, and soups, and cooked whole grains)
• Limiting your intake of fat and sugars
• Limiting portion sizes – especially of high-calorie foods

Increased physical activity is also important in promoting weight loss, and in keeping weight off.

Even if an ideal weight is not reached, it’s likely that any weight loss will still have health benefits.

To learn more, see Nutrition and Physical Activity During and After Cancer Treatment: Answers to Common Questions.

What weight loss treatment options are available?

Many people are looking for ways to get help with weight loss. Talking to a registered dietitian or nutritionist might be helpful for some people. A few other options are intensive behavioral therapy (IBT), bariatric surgery, and weight loss medicines. Talk with your health care team or cancer care team about which options might work best for you.